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Menoken Indian Village Site
The Menoken Indian Village Site, also known as Menoken Site, Verendrye Site or Apple Creek Site is an archeological site near Bismarck, North Dakota. The site, that of a fortified village occupied c. 1300 CE, is important in the region's prehistory, as it is one of the only sites that predates sites that are more clearly associated with the historic Hidatsa, Mandan, and Arikara cultures. It was declared a National Historic Landmark in 1964.〔 It is located on 171st Street NE, north of Menoken, about east of Bismarck. The site managed by the state as the Menoken Indian Village State Historic Site, and is open to the public.
==Description==
The Menoken Site occupies a terrace on the south side of Apple Creek, a tributary of the Missouri River, to which it flows near Bismarck. The site consists of a defensive earthworks, whose major component is a ditch about in length, with four bastion loops projecting outward at equally spaced intervals. The ditch is about deep, and varies in width from in width. The ditch forms a curve, covering about 100° of a circle, and protects an inner area of about . Archaeological evidence indicates that there was originally a palisade just inside the ditch; only post holes of this structure survive. The inner area of the fortification, which has not been fully investigated, is estimated to have had between 11 and 13 semi-subterranean residential structures in it.〔(【引用サイトリンク】title=NHL nomination for Menoken Indian Village Site, Section 7 )〕
This site, first excavated in the 1930s, was thought for many years to be that of a Mandan village visited by the French explorer La Verendrye, but archaeological investigations in the 1990s and early 2000s have revealed evidence that the site is actually somewhat older, and that the site was probably occupied by ancestors of one of the region's major tribal groups, with an occupation period c. 1100-1300 CE. It was probably used as a semi-permanent settlement, from which the occupants would hunt bison and other wildlife. Extensive finds exist here of stone tools, predominantly quarried in the Lynch Quarry vicinity to the west, as well as ceramic pottery fragments and bone tools.〔
The site was designated a National Historic Landmark in 1964, primarily on the basis of the belief (now known to be incorrect) that it was associated with La Verendrye, but it retains significance to its critical place in the region's prehistoric chronology, and its archaeological importance.〔cite web|url=http://www.nps.gov/nhl/contact/mwro/ExceptionalPlaces2008.pdf|title=Exceptional Places 2008|publisher=National Park Service|accessdate=2015-11-09〕 Elements of the site's improvements, made during the Great Depression, were listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 2010. The site, acquired by the state in 1937, is open to the public, with a walking trail that has interpretive signage.
抄文引用元・出典: フリー百科事典『 ウィキペディア（Wikipedia）』
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